The Parisian club has now won the prestigious trophy on fourteen separate times.
Paris Saint-Germain required a stoppage-time leveler followed by a successful spot-kick decider to get past their arch-rivals in the Gulf and secure a record-extending fourth consecutive Trophee des Champions title.
The European champions seemed to be sailing towards a comfortable win in the match featuring the French league winners and the French Cup holders after Ousmane Dembele opened the scoring in the opening stages.
Yet, Marseille fired two times late to seize a shock lead. First, the English forward scored from the penalty spot, before Willian Pacho unfortunately turned the ball into his own net for an own goal.
In a breathtaking twist of fortune, the Portuguese striker snatched a vital equaliser in the final seconds to force the match into a penalty shootout. PSG goalkeeper Lucas Chevalier then emerged as the key figure, saving crucial kicks from O'Riley and Traore.
In the shootout, Goncalo Ramos, Vitinha, the full-back, and Desire Doue all scored successfully for Paris Saint-Germain to seal a convincing penalty victory.
The record champions PSG, who faced last season's Ligue 1 runners-up Marseille after achieving a league and cup double, have now lifted this trophy for the twelfth time in the last 13 years.